托福听力的艺术类话题如何应对？

   托福听力中的艺术话题lecture常常涉及到美术、音乐、文学、建筑、舞蹈等多种不同的艺术门类，以及一些不同的艺术流派，例如Realism, Impressionism, Dadaism, Romanticism, Neoclassicism等等，有时还会涉及到一些艺术家和他们的文章。今天我们就来研究一下关于艺术家的托福听力lecture。
 
和艺术家有关的lecture在托福听力中经常出现:
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常见的文章结构为线性结构，行文结构大体上如下所示：
 
1.艺术家个人的情况介绍

e.g. Official 21-L4
All right, so today we are moving on to Alice Neel, N-E-E-L. Um... Alice Neel painted portraits, she was born in Pennsylvania, and she lived from 1900 to 1984. And I guess you might say, she experienced difficulties as an artist. She was in her 70s, before she had her first major solo exhibition.

2.时代、社会背景介绍

e.g. Official 32-L4
Now, it&rsquo;s worth noting that people who designed homes at that time probably had to deal with a certain amount of discouragement, since there were other architects who thought it was more respectable to design the kind of building and maybe other structures that were less utilitarian in their function. In fact, an article from an 1876 issue of a journal called The American Architect and Building News stated that, and this is a quote, they stated that "the planning of houses isn't architecture at all.&rdquo;

3.艺术家的艺术风格剖析（realism, impressionism,expressionism, neoclassicism, romanticism, abstract style, etc.）以及艺术家的代表作（代表作如何体现其风格）

e.g. Official 1-L1
But she&rsquo;s got a very unusual style, compared to some of the artists we&rsquo;ve looked at this term. But anyway, Frantzen&rsquo;s style is what she herself calls Realistic Impressionism. So you&rsquo;ve probably studied both of these movements separately, separate movements, Realism and Impressionism, in some of your art history courses. So, who can just sum these up?
4.提到其他人物（与其他人的比较、或受到其他人的影响等）
e.g. Official 48-L1
Also,O'Keeffe studied under an artist named Arthur Wesley Dow. That's Dow, d-o-w, who advocated focusing on simple basic forms, like the lines of a flower andits petals. And he wanted forms to be isolated from their original settings.
 
 
可能出现的考点：
如果在lecture讲解的过程中提到了其他人物，那么可能就会出现与此人物有关的题目，可以关注此人与本文主人公艺术家之间的联系。
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举例：
Official 3-L2 文章主人公为filmmaker（电影制作人）Jean Painleve，文中提及了另一位人物Jacques Cousteau，于是有了此题：
5. Why does the professor compare the film style of Jacques Cousteau and Jean Painleve? 
 
Official 24-L2 文章主人公为dancer（舞蹈家）Isadora Duncan，文中提及了另一位人物Anna Pavlova，于是有了此题：
4. Why does the professor mention that Duncan watched Anna Pavlova practice? 
 
Official 32-L4 文章主人公为architect（建筑师）Harriet Morrison Irwin，文中提及了另一位人物John Ruskin，于是有了此题：
4. What feature of Irwin's design shows the influence of John Ruskin? 
 
Official 38-L3文章主人公为composer（作曲家）John Cage，文中提及了另一位人物Robert Rauschenberg，于是有了此题：
2.According to the professor, how was John Cage influenced by Rauschenberg&rsquo;s White Paintings?
 
Official 47-L1文章主人公为author（作家）Victor Hugo，文中提及了另一位人物Shakespeare，于是有了此题：
Why does the professor mention clowns in plays by Shakespeare? 
 
Official 48-L1文章主人公为painter（画家）Georgia O&rsquo;keeffe，文中提及了另一位人物Arthur Wesley Dow，于是有了此题：
3.According to the professor, what principles did Arthur Wesley Dow emphasize in his art classes?
 
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